Harvey S. Young, M.D.
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Harvey S. Young, M.D.


Professional Appointments:

1998 - Present Private practice on Welch Road, Stanford University Medical Center
1986 - 1998 Full time faculty at Stanford University School of Medicine

Dr. Harvey Young, MD

Dr. Harvey Young, Gastroenterologist, Palo Alto

Academic Appointments:

2005 - 2018 Adjunct Clinical Professor of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
1998 - 2002 Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
1993 - 1998 Associate Professor of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine
1988 - 1998 Chief, GI Endoscopy and Director, Endoscopy Unit, Stanford University Medical Center
1986 - 1988 Chief, Endoscopy Unit, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA
1986 - 1993 Assistant Professor of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine


Education:

M.D., Northwestern University, 1979
B.S., University of Illinois, 1975, in Biology, Highest Honor


Post Graduate Training:

1982-1986 Fellowship in Gastroenterology, Stanford University School of Medicine
1980-1982 Residency, Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Medical Center
1979-1980 Internship, Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Medical Center


Medical Board Certification:

Diplomate, American Board of Medicine-Gastroenterology, 1989
Diplomate, American Board of Internal Medicine, 1983
Diplomate, National Board of Medical Examiners, 1979


Professional Societies:

Member, American Gastroenterology Association, 1986
Member, American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 1986
Member, American Federation of Clinical Research, 1986


Honors: 

American Diabetic Association Student Research Award, 1976
James Scholar, University of Illinois, 1975
Phi Kappa Phi, 1974


Committees:

National Committees:

1. Standard of Practice Committee, American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 1999 - 2001
2. Standard of Practice Committee, American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 1994 - 1996


Stanford Committees:

1. Medical Executive Board, Stanford University Hospital, Member at Large, 9/2003 - 9/2009
2. Medical Director Ad Hoc Committee, Department of Medicine, 1997 Stanford University Medical School
3. QA/QI Steering Committee, Department of Medicine, 1997 - 1998 Stanford University Medical School
4. SHS Computer Projects - Enterprise-wide scheduling, 1996 - 1998 Stanford University Medical Center
5. Ambulatory Care Committee - SHS OI VI, Co-Chair, 1996 Stanford University Medical Center
6. Medical School Senate,  Departmental Senator, Alternate,  1993 - 1994 Stanford University Medical School
7. TPN Committee,  1990 - 1993 Stanford University Medical Center
8. Gastroenterology Clinical Competence Committee,  1989 - 1998 Stanford University Medical School
9. Endoscopy Community Advisory Board, Chairman,  1988 - 1998 Stanford University Medical Center


Invited Speaker:

International

1. Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China, 7/2011, “Endoscopy: Past, Present and Future”
2. Chengdu Medical Center, Chengdu, China, 7/2011, “Interventional Endoscopy”
3. Sun Yet-Sen University of Health Science. Guangzhou, China, 11/2008,  “GI Endoscopy”
3. Adi Husada Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, 11/97, "Virtual Colonoscopy"
4. Sun Yet-Sen University of Health Science, Gunagzhou, China, 10/97, "Virtual Colonoscopy" and "Advances in endoscopic management of GI malignancy"
5. Shanghai Second Medical University and Shanghai Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Shanghai, China, 10/97, "Virtual Colonoscopy" and "Advances in endoscopic management of GI malignancy"
 6. Bejing University School of Medicine, Beijing, China, 10/97, “Virtual Colonoscopy”
7. Simposium Nasional Gastroenterohepatologi, Surubaya, Indonesia 12/94  "Update on long term management of peptic ulcer disease"
8. 3rd Symposium on hepato-pancreatico-biliary disorders and workshop of advanced  therapeutic endo-laparoscopy, Husada Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia, 12/94 "Management of  Variceal Bleeding"
9. 9th World Congress of Gastroenterology, Sydney, Australia, 8/90 
"Endoscopic Jejunostomy Techniques - A Comparative Trial"


National

1. Sacred Heart Medical Center, Eugene, Oregon, 9/98 “Role of endoscopic ultrasound in staging of gastrointestinal tumors”
2. Hawaii Gut Club, Hawaii, 4/98 "Advances in endoscopic management of  GI malignancy”
3. Medical Grand Rounds, Kona Community Hospital, Hawaii, 4/98 "Advances in management of GI bleeding"
4. Medical Grand Rounds, Wilcox Memorial Hospital, Hawaii, 4/98 "Advances in Management of GI bleeding"
5. "Biliary Lithotripsy" Symposium, San Francisco, Co-Director, 4/90 "To Treat or Not to Treat"
6. Medical Grand Rounds, University of Nevada Medical Center - Las Vegas, 1/90 "Nonsurgical Treatments of Gallstones"
7. Medical Grand Rounds, Trippler Army Medical Center, Hawaii, 2/89 "Advances in Management of Gallstones"
8. Health Matters, PBS (KQED) Program, 4/89 "The Healing Sound"


California

1. Merck CME series, Mountain View, 6/04, “H. Pylori revisited”
2. Merck CME series, Santa Barbara, 4/04,  “GI Updates”
3. Sequoia Hospital Medical Grand Round, Redwood City, 2/04,  “Update on colon cancer screening”
4. Merck Lecture Series, Mountain View, 8/03, “Update on GERD therapy”
5. TAP CME series, Palo Alto, 5/03, “Supra-esophageal manifestation of GERD”
6. TAP CME series, Atherton, 7/02, “NSAID and GI toxicity”
7. TAP CME series, Santa Barbara, 10/01, “GI Updates”
8. Sutter Health System Gastroenterology Update, Roseville 3/01, “Endoscopic Ultrasound in Clinical Practice”
9. Merck Northern California GI Conference, Monterey 2/01, Moderator for “Biliary disorders”
10. TAP CME series, Santa Barbara, 11/98, “Virtual Colonoscopy and GI Updates”
11. TAP CME series, Ventura, 11/98, “Virtual Colonoscopy”
12. Salinas Valley Memorial Hospital, Special Cancer Conference, Salinas, 10/98, “Endoscopic ultrasound in local staging of GI malignancy”
13. TAP CME series, San Jose, 10/98, “New GI imaging techniques: EUS and Virtual Colonoscopy”
14. TAP CME series, Monterey, 7/98, “New GI imaging techniques: EUS and Virtual Colonoscopy”
15. TAP CME series, San Jose, 6/98, “Update in management of GI bleeding”
16. San Jose Medical Center Medical Grand Round, San Jose, 6/97, "Pancreatitis"
17. Therapeutic and diagnostic pancreatico-biliary endoscopy II, sponsored by California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, 7/95, "Endoscopic Ultrasound - Where are we now?"
18. Community Hospital of Monterey Peninsula Medical Grand Round, Monterey, 4/95, "Pancreatitis"
19. Good Samaritan Hospital Medical Grand Rounds, San Jose, 3/95, "Frontiers of  Endoscopy"
20. Salinas Valley Memorial Hospital Medical Grand Rounds, Salinas, 2/95, "Pancreatitis"
21. Washington Hospital Family Practice Grand Round, Fremont, 11/94,"Update on management of peptic ulcer disease"
22. Eden Hospital Medical Grand Rounds, Castro Valley, 8/20/93 "Biliary tract diseases: Advances in diagnosis and treatment"
23. Nephrology - Dialysis - Transplantation '93 Conference, Monterey, 4/16/93 "GI Disorders in Renal Failure"
24. Mills Memorial Hospital, San Mateo, 2/23/93, "Ultrasound Applications in GI Disorders"
25. O'Connor Hospital Medical Grand Rounds, San Jose, 2/2/93 "GI Bleeding"
26. Sequoia Hospital Medical Grand Rounds, Redwood City, 1/19/93 "Controversies in Colon Cancer Screening"
27. Monterey Community Hospital Grand Rounds, Monterey, 12/12/92, "Advances in Endoscopic Management of GI Tumors"
28. San Mateo General Hospital, San Mateo, 9/92, "Endoscopic Ultrasound"
29. Kaiser-Redwood City  Medical Grand Rounds, Redwood City, 10/91, "Advances in Endoscopic Approaches to Disorders of the Pancreas and Biliary Tract"
30. Surgical Conference, Oak Knoll Navy Medical Center, Oakland, 4/91, "Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Techniques"
31. Torrence Memorial Medical Center, Torrence, California, 1/91, "Lithotripsy & Gallstone Dissolving Agents"
32. Northridge Hospital Medical Center, Northridge California, 12/90, "Invasive Gastroenterology"
33. "Advances in Therapy for Acid-Related Gastrointestinal Diseases" Symposium, Monterey, 4/90.   "Gastrointestinal Bleeding"
34. Mills Hospital Medical Grand Rounds, San Mateo, 1/90. "Biliary Lithotripsy"
35. El Camino Hospital Medical Grand Rounds, Mountain View, 3/89. "Biliary Lithotripsy"
36. Chope Community Hospital Medical Grand Rounds, San Mateo, 3/89. "Biliary Lithotripsy"
37. St. Rose Hospital Medical Grand Rounds, Newark, 3/89. "Advances in Management of Gallstones"
38. Mills Hospital Medical Grand Rounds, San Mateo, 2/89. "Medical Management of Variceal Bleeding"
39. Mills Hospital Medical Grand Rounds, San Mateo, 10/88. "Medical Management of Gallstones"
40. Postgraduate Medical Education Series, Community Hospital of the Monterey Peninsula, Monterey, 5/88. "Peptic Ulcer Disease Management and Clinical Concepts"


Stanford

1. Stanford University GI Fellowship Lecture, Stanford, 7/03, “Management of Endoscopy Complications”
2. Stanford University ICU Fellowship Lecture, Stanford. 2/99 - 03, “Acute GI Bleeding”
3. Medicine Core Curriculum, Stanford University Medical Center, 7/98. “GI bleeding”
4. Stanford's 1st annual Minimally Invasive Surgery conference, Stanford. 9/97, "Endoscopic management of pancreato-biliary diseases"
5. Stanford University ICU Fellowship Lecture, Stanford. 3/95 - 97, "Pancreatitis and Cholangitis"
6. Medical Grand Round, Stanford University Hospital, Stanford, 8/95, "Advances in GI imaging"
7. Medicine Core Curriculum, Stanford University Medical Center, 7/94 "GI bleeding"
8. Medicine Core Curriculum, Stanford University Medical Center, 2/94, "Pancreatitis"
9. Stanford Anesthesia Clinical Conference, 12/17/92, "GI Bleeding"
10. Stanford Anesthesia Clinical Conference, 12/10/92, “Pancreatitis”
11. Stanford/UCSF GI Research Symposium, San Francisco, 11/14/92, "Endoscopic Ultrasound"
12. Cancer Education Series, Stanford University Medical Center 3/13/92, "Palliation for GI Tumors"
13. Medical Grand Rounds, Stanford University Medical Center, 10/91, "Malignant Biliary Obstruction - Endoscopic Management"
14. Stanford University Postgraduate Education, Hawaii,  4/91
15. Cancer Education Sessions, Stanford University, Medical Center 1/91, "Palliative Endoscopic Therapy for GI Tumors"
16. CVRC, Stanford University Medicine Residency Program, 7/90, "The Management of Variceal Hemorrhage"
17. CVRC, Stanford University Medicine Residency Program, 7/90, "GI Bleeding"
18. Pharmacy Seminar, Stanford University Medical Center, 2/90, "Advances in Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease"
19. Medical Grand Rounds, Stanford University Hospital, 8/88. "Gallstones:  Pathogenesis and Therapy"
20. Medical Grand Rounds, Stanford University Hospital, 6/88. "Endoscopic Therapy for GI Bleeding"
21. M.D. Appreciation Day, Stanford University Hospital, 6/88. "Colon Cancer Screening - An Update"
22. Stanford University Postgraduate Course, Hawaii, 4/88.
23. Surgical Grand Rounds, Stanford University Hospital, 10/87. "Endoscopic Management  of Variceal  Hemorrhage"
24. Medical Grand Rounds, Stanford University Hospital, 6/87. "Variceal  Hemorrhage"
25. Stanford University Postgraduate Education Course, Hawaii, 8/86
  • A. "Endoscopic Laser Therapy"
  • B. "Endoscopic Therapy for Gastrointestinal Bleeding"
  • C. "Endoscopic Sclerotherapy of Varices"
  • D. "Endoscopic Management of Pancreato-biliary Disorders"
26. Physician Appreciation Day, Stanford University, 6/86. "Therapeutic Endoscopy"



Research Funding:

1. Three-dimensional spiral CT colonography.  National Institue of Health  1996-2000
2. Prospective evaluation of diagnostic approaches in patients with intermittent rectal bleeding who have no other gastrointestinal symptoms or anemia.  American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 1995-1996
3. Ranitidine and Bismuth in the prevention of NSAID induced ulcers, Glaxo, 1993-1994
4. Ranitidine and Bismuth in treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcers, Glaxo, 1992-1994
5. "Natural History of GI Bleeding Due to NSAID", Searle, 1990-1991
6. National Institute of Health Grant CA 37483 "Stocahastic Ultrasound Characterization of Abdominal Tissues", 3/10/89-3/10/90
7.Veterans Administration HSR&D Program "Prospective Evaluation of an Algorithm for Diagnosing Rectal Bleeding: Long-term Outcomes, Benefits, and Costs", 4/1/89-9/30/89
8. Veterans Administration Cooperative Trial #237 "Sclerotherapy for Esophageal Varices in Alcoholic Liver Disease", 1985-1990
9. Misoprostol in the treatment of refractory duodenal ulcer.  Searle, 1987
10. Enprostil in the treatment of acute gastritis.  Syntex, 1984-1986
11. Enprostil in the treatment of esophagitis.  Syntex, 1984-1986
12. Enprostil in the treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcers.  Syntex, 1983-1985
13. Lidamidine in the treatment of irritable bowel and chronic diarrhea.  Rorer, 1983-1984


Journal Reviewer:

1. Gastroenterology
2. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy


Bibliography:

Articles

1. Metha VK, Cho C, Ford JM, Jambalos C, Poen J, Koong A, Lin A, Bastidas JA, Young H, Dunphy EP, Fisher G :  Phase II trial of pre-operative 3D conformal radiotherapy, protracted venous infusion 5-fluorouracil, and weekly CPT-11, followed by surgery for ultrasound-staged T3 rectal cancer.  Int J Radiat Oncoo Biol Phys  55:132-137, 2003

2. Soetikno RM, Lin OS, Heidenreich P, Young HS, Blackstone MO :  Increased risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis.  Gastrointestinal  Endoscopy 56:48-54, 2002

3. Sze DY, Carey MBL, Young HS  :  Stenting of a malignant esophagorespiratory fistula in a recurrent variceal bleeder.  SCVIR-Case Club, Ref. No. CC-0501-04, 5/10/01

4. Metha V, Poen J, Ford J, Edelstein P, Vierra M, Bastidas A, Young H, Fisher G:  Radiotherapy, concomitant protracted-venous-infusion 5-Fluorouracil, and surgery for ultrasound-staged T3 or T4 rectal ancer.  Dis Colon Rectum 44:52-58, 2001

5. Tibayan, F, Vierra, M, Mindelzun, B, Tsang, D, McClenathan, J, Young, H.S, Trueblood, W, Clinical Presentation of Mucin-secreting Tumors of the Pancreas.  American Journal of Surgery 179:349-351, 2000

6. Lin, O, Soetikno, R, Young, H.S.:  Recurrent abnormal liver function tests (LFT) as predictor for favorable response to sphincterotomy (ES) in patients with type II sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD). Am J Gastroenterology 93:1833-1836, 1998

7. Poen C, Collins H, Young H.S., et al. Chemo-Radiotherapy for Localized Pancreatic Cancer: Increased Dose Intensity and Reduced Acute Toxicity with Concomitant Radiotherapy and Protracted Venous Infusion 5-Fluoracil.  Int. J. Rad. Oncology Biol. Phys. 40:93-99, 1998.

8. Kay P, Soetikno R, Young H.S.:  Diffuse esophageal glycogenic acanthosis: an endoscopic marker of Cowden's disease.  American Journal of Gastroenterology 92:1038-1040, 1997

9. Hartigan PM, Gebhard RL, Gregory PB, for The VA Cooperative Variceal Sclerotherapy Group:  Sclerotherapy for actively bleeding esophageal varices in male alcoholics with cirrhosis.  Gastrointestinal Endsocopy, 46:1-7, 1997.

10. Soetikno R, Young H.S., Keeffe EB:  Role of emerging technologies in the era of cost containment.  Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinic of North America, 7: 331-339, 1997.

11. The VA Cooperative Variceal Sclerotherapy Group:  Sclerotherapy for male alcoholic cirrhotics who have bled from esophageal varices.  Results of a randomized clinical trial.  Hepatology, 20:618-625, 1994.

12. Pritikin, J., Weinman, D., Harmatz, A., Young, H.S.:  Endoscopic laser therapy in gastroenterology, Western Journal of Medicine, 157: 48-54, 1992.

13. Kearns, P., Young, H.S., Garcia, G., Blaschke, T., O'Hanlon, G., Rinki, M., Sucher, K., Gregory, P.:  Accelerated improvement of alcoholic liver disease with enteral nutrition.  Gastroenterology, 102:200-205, 1992.

14. The VA Cooperative Variceal Sclerotherapy Group:  Prophylactic sclerotherapy for esophageal varices in men with alcoholic liver disease.  A randomized, single-blind, multicenter trial.  New England Journal of Medicine, 324:1779-1784, 1991.

15. Garcia, G., Young, H.S.:  Biliary extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.  Gastroenterology Clinic of North America, 20:201-208, 1991.

16. Clark, D.E., Baxter G.S., Young, H.S., Craig, D.A.:  Pharmacological properties of the putative 5-HT4 receptor in guinea pig ileum and rat  esophagus:  role in peristalsis.  British Journal of Pharmacology, 102:163, 1991

17. Pritikin, J., Ballin, R., Young, H.S.:  Screaming primal therapy:  a new cause of Mallory-Weiss tear.  American Journal of Medicine, 89:121, 1990.

18. Cooper, A.D. and Young, H.S.:  Pathophysiology and Treatment of Gallstones.  Medical Clinic of North America, 73:753-774, 1989.

19. Luetzow, A.M., Chaffoo, R.A.K., and Young, H.S.:  Percutaneous gastrostomy.  The Stanford experience.  Laryngoscope 98:1035-1039, 1988.

20. Sommer, F.G., Stern, R.A., Howes, P.J., and Young, H.S.:  Envelope amplitude analysis following narrow-band filtering:  A technique for ultrasonic tissue characterization.  Medical Physics  14:627-633, 1987.

21. Young, H.S.:  Endoscopic sclerotherapy.  Western Journal of Medicine  147:359-360, 1987.

22. Phillips, L.S., Belosky, D.C., Young, H.S., and Reichard, L.A.:  Somatomedin activity and somatomedin inhibitory activity in normal and diabetic rat serum.  Endocrinology 104:1519-1524, 1979.

23. Phillips, L.S. and Young, H.S.:  Serum somatomedin activity and cartilage growth activity in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.  Diabetes 25:516-527, 1976.

24. Phillips, L.S. and Young, H.S.:  Effect of fasting and refeeding on serum somatomedin activity and cartilage growth in rats.  Endocrinology 99:304-314, 1976.



Practice Guidelines: American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

1. Use of endoscopy in diarrheal illnesses.  Gastrointesinal Ednoscopy 54:821-823, 2001
2. Diagnostic laparoscopy guidelines for clinical application. Gastrointesinal Ednoscopy 54:818-820, 2001 
3. The role of endoscopy in dyspepsia. Gastrointesinal Ednoscopy 54:815-817, 2001
4. Guidelines for credentialling and granting privileges for endoscopic ultrasound. Gastrointesinal Ednoscopy 54:811-814, 2001
5. Ethnic issues in endoscopy. Gastrointesinal Ednoscopy 53:874-875, 2001
6. Enteroscopy. Gastrointesinal Ednoscopy 53:871-873, 2001
7. Endoscopic therapy of anorectal disorders. Gastrointesinal Ednoscopy 53:867-870, 2001
8. An annotated algorithmic approach to choledocholithiasis. Gastrointesinal Ednoscopy 53:864-866, 2001
9. An annotated algorithmic approach to acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastrointesinal Ednoscopy 53:859-863, 2001 
10. An annotated algorithmic approach to upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastrointesinal Ednoscopy 53:853-858, 2001
11. An annotated algorithmic approach to malignant biliary obstruction. Gastrointesinal Ednoscopy 53:849-852, 2001
12. Guidelines for advanced endoscopic training. Gastrointesinal Ednoscopy 53:846-848, 2001
13. Role of endoscopic ultrasonography. Gastrointesinal Ednoscopy 52:852-859, 2000
14. Modifications in endoscopic practice for the elderly. Gastrointesinal Ednoscopy 52:849-851, 2000
15. Endoscopic therapy of chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointesinal Ednoscopy 52:843-848, 2000
16. Modifications in endoscopic practice for pediatric patients. Gastrointesinal Ednoscopy 52:838-842, 2000




Chapters

1. Young, H.S.,:  Endoscopic therapy of variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.  In Textbook of Gastroenterology.  3rd Ed.  Yamada, Alpers, Owyang, Powell and Laine, ed., J.B. Lippincott-Raven, 1999

2. Young, H.S. :  Endoscopic therapy of variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.  In Atlas of Textbook of Gastroenterology.  Yamada, Alpers, Owyang, Powell and Laine, ed.,  J.B. Lippincott-Raven,  1999

3. Young, H.S.:  Gastrointestinal Bleeding.  In Scientific American Medicine.  Dale and Federman, ed.  10/1998

4. Young, H.S., :  Esophageal disorders.  In Scientific American Medicine.  Dale and Federman, ed. 8/1998

5. Young, H.S., Keeffe E.B. :  Complications of gastrointestinal endoscopy.  In Gastrointestinal Disease. 6th Ed., Sleisenger and Fortran, ed.  W. B. Saunders, pp 301 - 309, 1998.

6. Young, H.S.:  Diseases of the pancreas  In Scientific American Medicine.  Dale and Federman, ed.  5/1997.

7. Young, H.S.:  Gastrointestinal Bleeding.  In Scientific American Medicine.  Dale and Federman, ed.  10/1996

8. Young, H.S., :  Esophageal disorders.  In Scientific American Medicine.  Dale and Federman, ed. 10/1996

9. Young, H.S., Gregory, P.B.:  Bleeding Varices.  In Liver and Biliary Diseases.  2nd Ed., Kaplowitz, ed.  Williams and Wilkins, pp 563-588, 1996

10. Young, H.S., Swanson, K., Slosberg, E., Cello, J. :  Role of endoscopy in the evaluation of gastrointestinal infections.  In Infections of the GI tract.  Blaser, Smith, Ravdin, Greenberg and Guerrant, ed., Raven Press, pp 1291 - 1314, 1995

11. Young, H.S., Matsui, S.M., and Gregory, P.B.:  Endoscopic control of variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.  In Textbook of Gastroenterology.  2nd Ed.  Yamada, Alpers, Owyang, Powell and Silverstein, ed., J.B. Lippincott, pp 2969 - 2991, 1995

12. Gray, G.M., and Young, H.S.:  Gastrointestinal Bleeding.  In Scientific American Medicine.  Rubinstein and Federman, ed.  8/1994.

13. Gray, G.M., Young, H.S., :  Diseases of the Pancreas.  In Scientific American Medicine.  Rubinstein and Federman, ed. 7/1994

14. Gray, G.M., Young, H.S., :  Esophageal disorders.  In Scientific American Medicine.  Rubinstein and Federman, ed. 11/1993.

15. Young, H.S., Matsui, S.M., and Gregory, P.B.:  Sclerotherapy.  In Atlas of Textbook of Gastroenterology.  Yamada, Alpers, Owyang, Powell and Silverstein, ed.,  J.B. Lippincott, p. 645-652, 1992.

16. Weinman, D. Young, H.S., Gregory, P.B.:  Bleeding Varices.  In Liver and Biliary Diseases.  Kaplowitz, ed.  Williams and Wilkins, p. 505-528, 1992.

17. Young, H.S., Matsui, S.M., and Gregory, P.B.:  Sclerotherapy.  In Textbook of Gastroenterology.  Yamada, Alpers, Owyang, Powell and Silverstein, ed., J.B. Lippincott, p. 2601-2618, 1991.

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